1. Esophagus: Disorders and Management Esophagus Anatomy: Length: 25 cm long, a muscular tube. 1. Infections and Esophagitis: 2. Achalasia and Esophageal Spasm: Symptoms: Diagnosis: Treatment for Achalasia: 3. Barrett’s Esophagus Intestinal Metaplasia: Cancer Types: 4. Plummer-Vinson Syndrome Bisphosphonates 2. Stomach Cell Types: Types of Ulcers: 2. H. Pylori Treatment Diagnosis of H. Pylori Infection:…
1. Cardiac Murmur Condition Murmur Type Mitral Stenosis (MS) Mid-diastolic murmur Mitral Regurgitation (MR) Holosystolic murmur Aortic Stenosis (AS) Ejection systolic murmur Aortic Regurgitation (AR) Early diastolic murmur Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) Machinery murmur (continuous) Semilunar Valves (Aortic + Pulmonic) S for Stenosis = Systolic 2. Rheumatic Fever Typical Case: Young female, h/o sore throat…
Vitamins are important helpers for your body. There are two main kinds: 1. Fat-soluble vitamins 1. Vitamin A Vitamin A has several names, including retinal, Retnoic acid and Retinol. What it does: Usage: Deficiency: Contraindication: Pregnant women should not take Vitamin A. 2. Vitamin D Vitamin D is also called Calcitriol. Source Sunlight is a…
Our bodies have a special system called the “endocrine system“. It’s like a messenger service that uses special chemicals called hormones. 1. Pituitary gland Pituitary gland has 2 lobe; 1. Anterior (front) lobe by surface ectoderm Anterior lobe makes hormones like 2. Posterior (back) lobe by Neuroectoderm Posterior lobe stores hormones by Hypothalamus. 2. Natural…
Upper Limb Anatomy The upper limb has three parts: Hand bones in numbers; 1. Nerve Injuries of the Upper Limb 1. Waiter’s tip position (Erb’s Palsy): Erb’s Palsy is caused by an injury to the upper trunk of the brachial plexus, typically affecting the C5 and C6 nerve roots. It can occur during childbirth (e.g., excessive pulling or traction) or through trauma. Clinical Features: 2. Klumpke’s…
Pharmacology: Three Types 1. CVS Pharmacology – Anti-Hypertensive (Anti-HTN) 2. Gestational Hypertension (HTN) + Agents Acting on Beta and Alpha Receptors 3. Lipid-Lowering Agents 4. Antiarrhythmic Medications 5. Thyroid Drugs 6. Diabetes Mellitus (DM) 7. GIT Acid Suppression Therapy 8. Antiemetic Medications Here are other materials for NLE NRE step 1 9. Laxatives 10. Antidiarrheal…
1. Canthus of the Eye 2. Eye Muscles and Nerve Control Here are other materials for NLE NRE step 1 3. Superior Oblique Muscle and Down Syndrome 4. Eye Findings and Their Significance 5. Conjunctivitis 1. Conjunctivitis Types and Symptoms Type Symptoms Viral Watery discharge- Redness- Mild fever Bacterial Mucopurulent discharge (thick, yellowish)- Watery discharge-…
1. Menstrual Cycle A regular monthly physiological cycle in females that increases the chances of pregnancy. 1. Phases of Menstrual cycle There are 3 phases in the menstrual cycle, and to remember them, use the mnemonic FOL: Follicular, Ovulatory, and Luteal. Phase Duration Key Events Hormonal Changes 1. Follicular Phase Variable Menstrual start- Follicle development…
Digestive System (GIT) – Medicine Esophagus: Length: 25 cm long. Strongest Layer: Submucosa. Immunocompromised + Dysphagia + Endoscopy: White patches on endoscopy indicate fungal infection, likely fungal esophagitis. Symptoms: Barium Imaging: Diagnosis: Esophageal Cancer: Barrett’s Esophagus: Region Arteries Cervical Inferior thyroid artery, subclavian artery Thoracic Descending aorta Abdominal Left gastric artery 2. Stomach Shape: J-shaped…
Neurology can be hard, but I made it super easy for you! Just read this blog 2 or 3 times, and you’ll understand it. I made everything as simple as possible you’re going to love it! 1. Huntington’s Disease (HD) 1. What is it? A brain disorder that causes strange body movements, like dancing movements….
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