Microbiology – Study of microorganisms. Virology (Study of Viruses) General Rules 1. DNA Viruses Virus Family Genome Shape Envelope Herpes virus dsDNA Linear Enveloped (from nuclear membrane) Parvovirus ssDNA Linear Non-enveloped Papillomavirus dsDNA Circular / Spiral-like projection Non-enveloped Hepadnavirus (HBV) dsDNA (partially ds) Circular Enveloped Others (Adeno, Pox, etc.) dsDNA Linear Variable 2. Herpesviridae Family…
1. Fetal Circulation (before birth) 2. Important Shunts (and Adult Remnants) congenital heart diseases Feature Acyanotic CHD (“Pink babies”) Cyanotic CHD (“Blue babies”) Shunt Left → Right Right → Left Oxygen level Normal (no cyanosis) Low (cyanosis present) Most common VSD (overall most common CHD) TOF in adults, TGA in children Examples VSD, ASD, PDA…
1. Apgar Score A rapid scoring system used to evaluate a newborn’s cardiopulmonary adaptation after birth. Apgar Parameters and Scoring Sign 0 Points 1 Point 2 Points Activity (Muscle tone) No movement Arms flexed, legs extended Active movement Pulse (Heart rate) Absent <100 beats/min >100 beats/min Grimace (Reflex irritability) No response Some flexion of extremities…
1. Anemia ↓ Hemoglobin → Pallor Based on MCV MCV Value Type Examples < 80 fL Microcytic Iron deficiency, Anemia of chronic disease, Sideroblastic, Thalassemia 80–100 fL Normocytic Acute blood loss, Hemolytic anemia, Aplastic anemia, ACD (early) > 100 fL Macrocytic B12 deficiency, Folate deficiency, Alcoholism, Liver disease, Drugs (MTX) Hemoglobin Structure & Related Anemia…
1. Nephrotic vs Nephritic Syndrome Nephrotic Syndrome Causes: Nephritic Syndrome (Inflammatory): Post-infectious: 2. Vasculitis ANCA-associated: Anti-GBM: Hereditary nephritis: 3. Acid–Base Balance & ABGs 4. Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD) Feature ARPKD ADPKD Onset Childhood Adult Frequency Rare Common Prognosis Poor Good Association Liver cysts Berry aneurysm (↑ SAH risk) USG Enlarged kidneys w/ cysts Multiple cysts…
1. Spirometry (Pulmonary Function Test – PFT) 1. Tidal Volume (TV): 2. Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV): 3. Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV): 4. Residual Volume (RV): 5. Lung Volumes and Capacities 1. Vital Capacity (VC): 2. Functional Residual Capacity (FRC): 2. Obstructive Lung Disease (ABCD) These conditions typically involve increased airway resistance leading to difficulty exhaling,…
1. Prostate Cancer Here are other materials for NLE NRE step 1 2. Testicular Cancer 3. Germ Cell Tumors Tumor Type Tumor Marker Yolk Sac Tumor AFP (Alpha-fetoprotein) Choriocarcinoma Beta-HCG Teratoma AFP or Beta-HCG Seminoma Negative for AFP and Beta-HCG 4. Non-Germ Cell Tumors Tumor Tumor Marker Leydig Cell Cancer Increased Testosterone Sertoli Cell Cancer…
1. Spleen 1. Location and Immune Response 2. Infectious Mononucleosis: 2. Thymus 3. Antibodies and Immune Responses Antibody Function Characteristics IgG – Secondary immune response – Crosses the placenta – Complement fixation – Opsonization – More in plasma – Main antibody in secondary immune response – Helps fix complement and aids in opsonization – Crosses…
1. Gout 2. Pseudogout Feature Gout Pseudogout Crystal type Monosodium urate (MSU) Calcium pyrophosphate (CPPD) Crystal shape Needle-shaped Rhomboid-shaped Birefringence Negative birefringence Positive birefringence Common site 1st MTP joint (Podagra) Knee joint (most common) Subcutaneous deposit Tophi Rare Serum finding ↑ Uric acid (>7.5 mg/dL) Normal uric acid Acute treatment NSAIDs NSAIDs, Colchicine Chronic treatment…
1. Burn Tissue Injury 1. Types 2. Common Infection 3. Fluid Resuscitation Parkland Formula Fluid (ml)=4[Weight (kg)×%BSA(burned)] 🔹 Example:Weight = 70 kg, Burn area = 5% BSA 4×70×5=1400 ml Here are other materials for NLE NRE step 1 2. Shock Mnemonic for shock types → SHOCk 1. Hypovolemic Shock 2. Obstructive Shock 3. Cardiogenic Shock 4. Distributive Shock…
End of content
End of content
