1. Nephrotic vs Nephritic Syndrome Nephrotic Syndrome Causes: Nephritic Syndrome (Inflammatory): Post-infectious: 2. Vasculitis ANCA-associated: Anti-GBM: Hereditary nephritis: 3. Acid–Base Balance & ABGs 4. Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD) Feature ARPKD ADPKD Onset Childhood Adult Frequency Rare Common Prognosis Poor Good Association Liver cysts Berry aneurysm (↑ SAH risk) USG Enlarged kidneys w/ cysts Multiple cysts…
1. Spirometry (Pulmonary Function Test – PFT) 1. Tidal Volume (TV): 2. Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV): 3. Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV): 4. Residual Volume (RV): 5. Lung Volumes and Capacities 1. Vital Capacity (VC): 2. Functional Residual Capacity (FRC): 2. Obstructive Lung Disease (ABCD) These conditions typically involve increased airway resistance leading to difficulty exhaling,…
1. Prostate Cancer Here are other materials for NLE NRE step 1 2. Testicular Cancer 3. Germ Cell Tumors Tumor Type Tumor Marker Yolk Sac Tumor AFP (Alpha-fetoprotein) Choriocarcinoma Beta-HCG Teratoma AFP or Beta-HCG Seminoma Negative for AFP and Beta-HCG 4. Non-Germ Cell Tumors Tumor Tumor Marker Leydig Cell Cancer Increased Testosterone Sertoli Cell Cancer…
1. Spleen 1. Location and Immune Response 2. Infectious Mononucleosis: 2. Thymus 3. Antibodies and Immune Responses Antibody Function Characteristics IgG – Secondary immune response – Crosses the placenta – Complement fixation – Opsonization – More in plasma – Main antibody in secondary immune response – Helps fix complement and aids in opsonization – Crosses…
1. Gout 2. Pseudogout Feature Gout Pseudogout Crystal type Monosodium urate (MSU) Calcium pyrophosphate (CPPD) Crystal shape Needle-shaped Rhomboid-shaped Birefringence Negative birefringence Positive birefringence Common site 1st MTP joint (Podagra) Knee joint (most common) Subcutaneous deposit Tophi Rare Serum finding ↑ Uric acid (>7.5 mg/dL) Normal uric acid Acute treatment NSAIDs NSAIDs, Colchicine Chronic treatment…
1. Burn Tissue Injury 1. Types 2. Common Infection 3. Fluid Resuscitation Parkland Formula Fluid (ml)=4[Weight (kg)×%BSA(burned)] 🔹 Example:Weight = 70 kg, Burn area = 5% BSA 4×70×5=1400 ml Here are other materials for NLE NRE step 1 2. Shock Mnemonic for shock types → SHOCk 1. Hypovolemic Shock 2. Obstructive Shock 3. Cardiogenic Shock 4. Distributive Shock…
1. Esophagus: Disorders and Management Esophagus Anatomy: Length: 25 cm long, a muscular tube. 1. Infections and Esophagitis: 2. Achalasia and Esophageal Spasm: Symptoms: Diagnosis: Treatment for Achalasia: 3. Barrett’s Esophagus Intestinal Metaplasia: Cancer Types: 4. Plummer-Vinson Syndrome Bisphosphonates 2. Stomach Cell Types: Types of Ulcers: 2. H. Pylori Treatment Diagnosis of H. Pylori Infection:…
1. Cardiac Murmur Condition Murmur Type Mitral Stenosis (MS) Mid-diastolic murmur Mitral Regurgitation (MR) Holosystolic murmur Aortic Stenosis (AS) Ejection systolic murmur Aortic Regurgitation (AR) Early diastolic murmur Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) Machinery murmur (continuous) Semilunar Valves (Aortic + Pulmonic) S for Stenosis = Systolic 2. Rheumatic Fever Typical Case: Young female, h/o sore throat…
Vitamins are important helpers for your body. There are two main kinds: 1. Fat-soluble vitamins 1. Vitamin A Vitamin A has several names, including retinal, Retnoic acid and Retinol. What it does: Usage: Deficiency: Contraindication: Pregnant women should not take Vitamin A. 2. Vitamin D Vitamin D is also called Calcitriol. Source Sunlight is a…
Our bodies have a special system called the “endocrine system“. It’s like a messenger service that uses special chemicals called hormones. 1. Pituitary gland Pituitary gland has 2 lobe; 1. Anterior (front) lobe by surface ectoderm Anterior lobe makes hormones like 2. Posterior (back) lobe by Neuroectoderm Posterior lobe stores hormones by Hypothalamus. 2. Natural…
End of content
End of content
