Ophthalmology
Eye Muscles
- Medial rectus muscle: Helps your eye look inward. If it’s weak, your eyes might look outward (diverge).
- Lateral rectus muscle: Helps your eye look outward. If it’s weak, your eyes might look inward (converge squint).
- Superior oblique muscle (controlled by Trochlear Nerve): Helps your eye look down and inward.
Eye Problems and What They Look Like
- Bitot Spot: A dry patch on the white part of your eye, often from not enough Vitamin A.
- Roth Spot: A spot on the back of your eye (retina), usually a sign of a heart infection.
Pink Eye (Conjunctivitis)
- Viral: Watery eye discharge, red eyes, mild fever.
- Bacterial: Thick yellow or green discharge, watery eyes, high fever.
- Allergic: Itchy, watery eyes.
Night Blindness
- Trouble seeing in the dark, often because of not enough Vitamin A.
Eyelid Problems
- Entropion: Eyelashes turn inward and rub the eye.
- Ectropion: Eyelashes turn outward.
- Stye: A tender, painful bump on the eyelid, sometimes with a fever.
- Chalazion: A bump on the eyelid that’s usually not very painful.
Glaucoma (Too Much Eye Pressure)
- This happens when the fluid in your eye builds up.
- Close-angle glaucoma: More serious, fluid can’t drain well.
- Open-angle glaucoma: The most common type, where the drain (trabecular meshwork) isn’t working right.
- Symptoms: Blurred vision, red eye, high eye pressure.
- Treatment: Eye drops (like Timolol, Acetazolamide) or surgery (Iridotomy) to help the fluid drain.
Other Eye Problems
- Keratitis: A problem with the front clear part of your eye (cornea).
- Cataract: The clear lens of your eye becomes cloudy, often as people get old.
- Retinal Detachment: Part of the back of your eye (retina) peels away. It’s usually not painful, but your vision might seem like a curtain is falling.
- Central Retinal Artery Occlusion: A blockage in the main blood vessel to the back of your eye. Causes painless loss of vision and the back of the eye looks pale.
- Retinal Vein Occlusion: A blockage in a vein at the back of your eye. Causes painless vision loss.
Vision Problems
- Myopia (Nearsightedness): You can see close things well, but far things are blurry.
- Hyperopia (Farsightedness): You can see far things well, but near things are blurry.
- Astigmatism: Blurry or double vision because the front of your eye isn’t shaped perfectly.
- Presbyopia: Only happens as you get older, making it hard to see things up close.