1. Apgar Score A rapid scoring system used to evaluate a newborn’s cardiopulmonary adaptation after birth. Apgar Parameters and Scoring Sign 0 Points 1 Point 2 Points Activity (Muscle tone) No movement Arms flexed, legs extended Active movement Pulse (Heart rate) Absent <100 beats/min >100 beats/min Grimace (Reflex irritability) No response Some flexion of extremities…
1. Anemia ↓ Hemoglobin → Pallor Based on MCV MCV Value Type Examples < 80 fL Microcytic Iron deficiency, Anemia of chronic disease, Sideroblastic, Thalassemia 80–100 fL Normocytic Acute blood loss, Hemolytic anemia, Aplastic anemia, ACD (early) > 100 fL Macrocytic B12 deficiency, Folate deficiency, Alcoholism, Liver disease, Drugs (MTX) Hemoglobin Structure & Related Anemia…
1. Nephrotic vs Nephritic Syndrome Nephrotic Syndrome Causes: Nephritic Syndrome (Inflammatory): Post-infectious: 2. Vasculitis ANCA-associated: Anti-GBM: Hereditary nephritis: 3. Acid–Base Balance & ABGs 4. Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD) Feature ARPKD ADPKD Onset Childhood Adult Frequency Rare Common Prognosis Poor Good Association Liver cysts Berry aneurysm (↑ SAH risk) USG Enlarged kidneys w/ cysts Multiple cysts…
1. Spirometry (Pulmonary Function Test – PFT) 1. Tidal Volume (TV): 2. Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV): 3. Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV): 4. Residual Volume (RV): 5. Lung Volumes and Capacities 1. Vital Capacity (VC): 2. Functional Residual Capacity (FRC): 2. Obstructive Lung Disease (ABCD) These conditions typically involve increased airway resistance leading to difficulty exhaling,…
1. Prostate Cancer Here are other materials for NLE NRE step 1 2. Testicular Cancer 3. Germ Cell Tumors Tumor Type Tumor Marker Yolk Sac Tumor AFP (Alpha-fetoprotein) Choriocarcinoma Beta-HCG Teratoma AFP or Beta-HCG Seminoma Negative for AFP and Beta-HCG 4. Non-Germ Cell Tumors Tumor Tumor Marker Leydig Cell Cancer Increased Testosterone Sertoli Cell Cancer…
1. Spleen 1. Location and Immune Response 2. Infectious Mononucleosis: 2. Thymus 3. Antibodies and Immune Responses Antibody Function Characteristics IgG – Secondary immune response – Crosses the placenta – Complement fixation – Opsonization – More in plasma – Main antibody in secondary immune response – Helps fix complement and aids in opsonization – Crosses…
1. Gout 2. Pseudogout Feature Gout Pseudogout Crystal type Monosodium urate (MSU) Calcium pyrophosphate (CPPD) Crystal shape Needle-shaped Rhomboid-shaped Birefringence Negative birefringence Positive birefringence Common site 1st MTP joint (Podagra) Knee joint (most common) Subcutaneous deposit Tophi Rare Serum finding ↑ Uric acid (>7.5 mg/dL) Normal uric acid Acute treatment NSAIDs NSAIDs, Colchicine Chronic treatment…
1. Burn Tissue Injury 1. Types 2. Common Infection 3. Fluid Resuscitation Parkland Formula Fluid (ml)=4[Weight (kg)×%BSA(burned)] 🔹 Example:Weight = 70 kg, Burn area = 5% BSA 4×70×5=1400 ml Here are other materials for NLE NRE step 1 2. Shock Mnemonic for shock types → SHOCk 1. Hypovolemic Shock 2. Obstructive Shock 3. Cardiogenic Shock 4. Distributive Shock…
1. Esophagus: Disorders and Management Esophagus Anatomy: Length: 25 cm long, a muscular tube. 1. Infections and Esophagitis: 2. Achalasia and Esophageal Spasm: Symptoms: Diagnosis: Treatment for Achalasia: 3. Barrett’s Esophagus Intestinal Metaplasia: Cancer Types: 4. Plummer-Vinson Syndrome Bisphosphonates 2. Stomach Cell Types: Types of Ulcers: 2. H. Pylori Treatment Diagnosis of H. Pylori Infection:…
1. Cardiac Murmur Condition Murmur Type Mitral Stenosis (MS) Mid-diastolic murmur Mitral Regurgitation (MR) Holosystolic murmur Aortic Stenosis (AS) Ejection systolic murmur Aortic Regurgitation (AR) Early diastolic murmur Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) Machinery murmur (continuous) Semilunar Valves (Aortic + Pulmonic) S for Stenosis = Systolic 2. Rheumatic Fever Typical Case: Young female, h/o sore throat…
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