1. Spirometry (Pulmonary Function Test – PFT) 1. Tidal Volume (TV): 2. Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV): 3. Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV): 4. Residual Volume (RV): 5. Lung Volumes and Capacities 1. Vital Capacity (VC): 2. Functional Residual Capacity (FRC): 2. Obstructive Lung Disease (ABCD) These conditions typically involve increased airway resistance leading to difficulty exhaling,…
1. Prostate Cancer Here are other materials for NLE NRE step 1 2. Testicular Cancer 3. Germ Cell Tumors Tumor Type Tumor Marker Yolk Sac Tumor AFP (Alpha-fetoprotein) Choriocarcinoma Beta-HCG Teratoma AFP or Beta-HCG Seminoma Negative for AFP and Beta-HCG 4. Non-Germ Cell Tumors Tumor Tumor Marker Leydig Cell Cancer Increased Testosterone Sertoli Cell Cancer…
1. Spleen 1. Location and Immune Response 2. Infectious Mononucleosis: 2. Thymus 3. Antibodies and Immune Responses Antibody Function Characteristics IgG – Secondary immune response – Crosses the placenta – Complement fixation – Opsonization – More in plasma – Main antibody in secondary immune response – Helps fix complement and aids in opsonization – Crosses…
1. Gout 2. Pseudogout Feature Gout Pseudogout Crystal type Monosodium urate (MSU) Calcium pyrophosphate (CPPD) Crystal shape Needle-shaped Rhomboid-shaped Birefringence Negative birefringence Positive birefringence Common site 1st MTP joint (Podagra) Knee joint (most common) Subcutaneous deposit Tophi Rare Serum finding ↑ Uric acid (>7.5 mg/dL) Normal uric acid Acute treatment NSAIDs NSAIDs, Colchicine Chronic treatment…
1. Burn Tissue Injury 1. Types 2. Common Infection 3. Fluid Resuscitation Parkland Formula Fluid (ml)=4[Weight (kg)×%BSA(burned)] 🔹 Example:Weight = 70 kg, Burn area = 5% BSA 4×70×5=1400 ml Here are other materials for NLE NRE step 1 2. Shock Mnemonic for shock types → SHOCk 1. Hypovolemic Shock 2. Obstructive Shock 3. Cardiogenic Shock 4. Distributive Shock…
1. Esophagus: Disorders and Management Esophagus Anatomy: Length: 25 cm long, a muscular tube. 1. Infections and Esophagitis: 2. Achalasia and Esophageal Spasm: Symptoms: Diagnosis: Treatment for Achalasia: 3. Barrett’s Esophagus Intestinal Metaplasia: Cancer Types: 4. Plummer-Vinson Syndrome Bisphosphonates 2. Stomach Cell Types: Types of Ulcers: 2. H. Pylori Treatment Diagnosis of H. Pylori Infection:…
1. Cardiac Murmur Condition Murmur Type Mitral Stenosis (MS) Mid-diastolic murmur Mitral Regurgitation (MR) Holosystolic murmur Aortic Stenosis (AS) Ejection systolic murmur Aortic Regurgitation (AR) Early diastolic murmur Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) Machinery murmur (continuous) Semilunar Valves (Aortic + Pulmonic) S for Stenosis = Systolic 2. Rheumatic Fever Typical Case: Young female, h/o sore throat…
Upper Limb Anatomy The upper limb has three parts: Hand bones in numbers; 1. Nerve Injuries of the Upper Limb 1. Waiter’s tip position (Erb’s Palsy): Erb’s Palsy is caused by an injury to the upper trunk of the brachial plexus, typically affecting the C5 and C6 nerve roots. It can occur during childbirth (e.g., excessive pulling or traction) or through trauma. Clinical Features: 2. Klumpke’s…
Pharmacology: Three Types 1. CVS Pharmacology – Anti-Hypertensive (Anti-HTN) 2. Gestational Hypertension (HTN) + Agents Acting on Beta and Alpha Receptors 3. Lipid-Lowering Agents 4. Antiarrhythmic Medications 5. Thyroid Drugs 6. Diabetes Mellitus (DM) 7. GIT Acid Suppression Therapy 8. Antiemetic Medications Here are other materials for NLE NRE step 1 9. Laxatives 10. Antidiarrheal…
1. Canthus of the Eye 2. Eye Muscles and Nerve Control Here are other materials for NLE NRE step 1 3. Superior Oblique Muscle and Down Syndrome 4. Eye Findings and Their Significance 5. Conjunctivitis 1. Conjunctivitis Types and Symptoms Type Symptoms Viral Watery discharge- Redness- Mild fever Bacterial Mucopurulent discharge (thick, yellowish)- Watery discharge-…
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