1. Prostate Cancer
- Location:
- The prostate gland is located around the urethra and in front of the rectum.
- Most Common Area Affected:
- The peripheral zone of the prostate is the most common site for prostate cancer.
- Risk:
- Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related mortality in males.
- Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH):
- Occurs in the transitional zone of the prostate.
- Treatment: Alpha-1 antagonists like Tamsulosin are used to treat BPH.
- Symptoms:
- Lower back pain.
- Weight loss.
- Lab Tests:
- PSA (Prostate-Specific Antigen) > 4 ng/mL indicates a possible prostate cancer.
- Diagnostic Test:
- USG-guided biopsy is the most accurate method for confirming prostate cancer.
- Grading:
- The Gleason Grading System is used to assess the prognosis of prostate cancer.
- Imaging for Metastasis:
- CT scan is used to assess for metastasis.
- Treatment:
- Chemotherapy or TURP (Transurethral Resection of the Prostate) can be performed for treatment.
Here are other materials for NLE NRE step 1
2. Testicular Cancer
- Germ Cell Tumors:
- 95% of testicular cancers are germ cell tumors.
- Risk Factors:
- Cryptorchidism (undescended testis).
- Klinefelter syndrome (47, XXY).
- Non-Germ Cell Tumors:
- 5% of testicular cancers are non-germ cell tumors.
- These include Leydig cell tumors and Sertoli cell tumors.
3. Germ Cell Tumors
| Tumor Type | Tumor Marker |
|---|---|
| Yolk Sac Tumor | AFP (Alpha-fetoprotein) |
| Choriocarcinoma | Beta-HCG |
| Teratoma | AFP or Beta-HCG |
| Seminoma | Negative for AFP and Beta-HCG |
4. Non-Germ Cell Tumors
| Tumor | Tumor Marker |
|---|---|
| Leydig Cell Cancer | Increased Testosterone |
| Sertoli Cell Cancer | Negative for Testosterone |
| Testicular Mass | Diagnosed via USG (Ultrasound) |
| Metastatic Lesions | Diagnosed via CT Scan |
| Treatment | – Radical Orchiectomy (Surgical removal of affected testicle) – Platinum-based Chemotherapy (for advanced disease) |
Check your NRE Step 1 result after completing the exam.
