- Prostate Gland
- Located around the urethra and in front of the rectum.
- Peripheral Zone: Common site for prostate cancer.
- Transitional Zone: Site for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH).
- Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in males and the second leading cause of mortality.
- Symptoms: Lower back pain, weight loss, urinary retention.
- Lab: PSA (Prostate-Specific Antigen) > 4ng/ml.
- Prognosis: Gleason grading.
- Diagnosis: Ultrasound-guided biopsy for accurate diagnosis.
- Treatment: Chemotherapy, Transurethral Resection of the Prostate (TURP).
- Testicular Cancer
- Most common in males aged 15-40%.
- Germ Cell Tumors (95%):
- Associated with cryptorchidism and Klinefelter syndrome.
- Types and Markers:
- Yolk sac tumor: AFP (Alpha-fetoprotein).
- Choriocarcinoma: BhCG (Beta-human chorionic gonadotropin).
- Teratoma: AFP or BhCG (variable).
- Seminoma: Most common type, AFP/BhCG negative.
- Non-Germ Cell Tumors (5%):
- Leydig cell tumor: May produce testosterone.
- Sertoli cell tumor: Marker negative.
- Testicular lymphoma: Metastatic.
- Diagnosis: Ultrasound (USG).
- Treatment: Radical orchiectomy, platinum-based chemotherapy.